Indication: Adhesive capsulitis, commonly known as frozen shoulder, can benefit from the Spencer technique. This approach helps alleviate pain, enhance the range of motion in the shoulder, and reduce functional limitations for individuals experiencing this condition. Clinical Application: Spencer noted…

Low back pain is a prevalent and incapacitating health issue in the United States, affecting millions of individuals and impeding their ability to work and engage in daily activities. According to the American Chiropractic Association, back pain ranks as the…

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is characterized by neurovascular symptoms in the upper limb due to compression of nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet area. This condition is often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. The specific structures compressed are usually the…

Dry needling is a procedure where filiform needles are tapped through the skin to the target tissue to bring about a therapeutic effect. No medicine is delivered, thus it is called “dry”, compared to injections, which are “wet”. Other names…

Axial neck pain—also called uncomplicated neck pain, whiplash, neck strain, or cervical strain—refers to pain along the posterior (back of the) neck. By definition, axial neck pain is pain that remains localized to the neck and immediate surrounding structures and…

Trigger points (TrP) are hyperirritable spots, palpable nodules in the taut bands of the skeletal muscle fascia. Direct compression or muscle contraction can elicit a jump sign, local tenderness, and local twitch response. response and referred pain which usually responds…

Bertolotti syndrome, named after the Italian physician Mario Bertolotti who first described it in 1917, arises from a congenital anomaly known as lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV). This condition, often overlooked, can lead to significant back pain, typically emerging in one’s late twenties to…

Coccygodynia, also known as coccydynia or coccalgia, refers to the experience of pain localized in the coccyx region. Typically, this pain is exacerbated when sitting or transitioning from sitting to standing. While many cases resolve within several weeks to months,…